William B. Umstead State Park Master Plan

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WfettAM 6. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

FOREWORD

In February, 1974, the Master Planning Unit of the
Division of State Parks was established and given
the responsibility of preparing plans for the pre-
servation, development, and operation of existing
and new state parks. This master plan study has
been developed in depth and reflects the high
priority given to it as part of the planning program.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

CONTEXT 2

Location, Access, and Population

History

Adjacent Land Use and Development Patterns

NATURAL RESOURCES 5

Geology

Ground and Surface Water

Topography and Slope

Soils

Vegetation and Wildlife

Site Analysis — Limitations

CULTURAL RESOURCES 10

Existing Management and Land Use

Perceptual Analysis

Site Analysis — Opportunities

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS 14

Concept

Park Entrance

Park Control Center

Day Use Area

Interpretive Center

Group/Long-Term Family Area

Maintenance

Hiking Trails

Bicycle Trails

POLICY FOR LAND ACQUISITION, SITE

MANAGEMENT, AND PARK CHARACTER 30

Land Acquisition
Site Management
Park Character

ADMINISTRATION 32

Services to Park Users
Management Programs

GENERAL LAND USE PROGRAM 34

DEVELOPMENT PHASING 35

STAFFING 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 38

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INTRODUCTION

The Master Plan for William B. Umstead State
Park is based on four objectives which outline the
purpose of the State Park System.

1 . To preserve and protect natural areas of unique
or exceptional scenic value not only for the inspi-
ration and benefit of the present generation, but
also for generations to come.

A natural area is proposed for the flood plain and
immediate slopes of the Crabtree Creek water-
shed. This area includes the primary areas of
wildlife activity as well as unique vegetation in-
cluding mountain rhododendron and several
species of orchid.

2. Establish and operate state parks to provide
recreational use of natural resources and outdoor
recreation in natural surroundings.

A public lake swimming facility is proposed for
the day use area in addition to expanded family
picnicking facilities and the provision of a park
store. Day use facilities for groups as well as an
expanded and more diverse provision for over-
night use is proposed for the general enthusiast
as well as special interests.

Hiking trails will be extended, or rerouted where
necessary, and will provide greater access to the
park's features as well as link to Raleigh's Green-
way and Cary. Bicycle trails will be provided and a
horse camp for horseback riders. The Big Lake
will continue to serve shore and boat fishing and
recreational boating is proposed for Reedy Creek
Lake.

3. To portray and interpret plant and animal life,
geology, and all other natural features and pro-
cesses in the various state parks.

The main emphasis of the Master Plan is on the
provision of an interpretive center intended for an
active environmental education program. Self
guided trails, nature appreciation center, amphi-
theatre, specialized trails, and display facilities
will support the educational program in the con-
text of the natural resource and landscape man-
agement.

4. To preserve, protect, and portray scientific
sites of statewide importance.

A 2,500 acre natural area is proposed which, in
conjunction with the interpretive center, will pro-
vide an effective context for study of the pied-
mont landscape. This area includes the 55 acres
of beech forest designated by the National Regis-
try of Natural Landmarks and by the Society of
American Foresters.

It should be emphasized that these proposals
express the maximum degree of potential park
development. All development will be implement-
ed in progressive, long-range phases. In turn,
each will be implemented only after a thorough
analysis of the impact of previous phases. Should
such analysis indicate a significant degree of
detrimental impact upon any sections of the park,
steps will be taken immediately to correct the
situation. Furthermore, those portions of suc-
ceeding phases which might contribute to such a
problem must be re-evaluated, and possibly elimi-
nated. Thus, with the conclusion of the phasing
process, the optimum degree of development
would be achieved.

In addition to these proposals, which relate di-
rectly to State Park principles, a method of con-
trolling access and use of the Park is required.
Four methods of control are proposed:

1. The limitation of public road access to one
point.

2. The simplification of park boundaries, i.e.,
land acquisition to adjoin roads where possible
or the establishment of permanent and obvious
markers such as horse trails.

3. Improved internal communications.

4. Increased permanent staff.

The final primary objective is to develop a plan
which will promote a unified administrative and
management program enabling more efficient and
expanded services to park users.

REGIONAL LOCATION

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA

CONTEXT

LOCATION, ACCESS, AND POPULATION

Umstead State Park is situated in Wake County,
on the eastern edge of the Piedmont Plateau,
between the cities of Raleigh and Durham. Access
into the park is presently available from Interstate
40 to the south and from the north via U. S. 70.

According to the 1970 census, there were over
900,000 North Carolinians living within fifty miles
of the park, 419,000 of which resided in Wake,
Durham, and Orange Counties. In 1973, more than
355,000 people visited Umstead Park and, given a
5% increased visitation, the projected visitor
population for 1980 is 510,000. Presently, the Park
accounts for 15.3% of all state park usage and is
located nearest to a major metropolitan popula-
tion.

HISTORY

Until 1934, the land now occupied by Umstead
Park was a farm community — houses, mills, and
fields in various stages of use and abandonment.
Poor agricultural techniques, such as one crop
farming, primarily cotton, led to the loss of top-
soil and subsequently, a submarginal existence.
Second-growth timber was then removed from
some upland areas, which expedited the erosion
process.

During the great depression, the United States
Resettlement Division began a program of pur-
chasing sub-marginal farm land, and in 1935 a
proposal to acquire and develop a recreational
demonstration project was instigated generally
within the area now known as Umstead Park. The
development of this area was jointly supervised by
the National Park Service and the Department of
Conservation and Development and until 1943, all
development and land acquisition was financed
by Federal money.

In addition to the development of four group
camps, a lake, temporary roads and utility sys-
tems, the CCC Work Force was responsible for
important conservation measures such as tree
planting and the construction of check dams,
which aided the stabilization of the soil.

World War II forced the abandonment of Federal
activities and on April 6, 1943, the United States
deeded to the State of North Carolina, for the sum
of one dollar, 5,088 acres to serve "public park,
recreation, and conservation purposes". This land
was officially designated as Crabtree Creek State
Park. In 1947 and 1949, public use facilities in-
cluding picnic areas, tent and trailer camp-
grounds, and utilities were financed by the Gen-
eral Assembly's first State Parks Division appro-
priation.

On April 24, 1950, 1,234 acres of Crabtree Creek
State Park was established as a separate park for
Negroes and designated as Reedy Creek State
Park. William B. Umstead State Park was formally
dedicated on Sunday, August 28, 1955, and was
named in recognition of the former Governor. In
1966, the two parks were integrated under the
present name although a dual administration has
been maintained to the present day.

In 1968, a proposal to redesignate the Park as a
State recreation area was denied on the basis of
original park deed restrictions as well as public
pressure.

ADJACENT LAND USE
AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS

Umstead Park lies in a highly urbanized area of the
State and, as in the past, is currently under
pressure from adjacent development. Suburban
Raleigh is rapidly moving westward and recent
development, in fact, abuts the eastern edge of
the Park. With the development of Crabtree Valley
Shopping Center and Interstate 40, land values
have risen enormously so that a setting for resi-
dential and industrial growth in very close prox-
imity to the Park has developed. City and county
land use zoning has set the stage for both of these
types of uses so that the only inhibiting factor at
present is the lack of sanitary sewer and water
lines. While it is only a matter of time before these
utilities are provided, the exact location of the
utility easements has not yet been pinpointed as it
relates to the Park. Specifically, the land adjacent
to the northeast between the Park and Highway 70
and that land between 1-40 and the park boundary
is currently under considerable pressure for build-
ing. Intense development in those areas would
inevitably introduce undesirable impact on the
Sycamore Creek and Crabtree/ Reedy Creek water-
sheds. In addition, the Raleigh thoroughfare plan
indicates the construction of a new road linking
1-40 and the Duraleigh Road as an extension of the
Southern Beltline which, without control mea-
sures, will most certainly create similar develop-
ment pressure.

Raleigh-Durham Airport lies adjacent to Umstead
Park's western boundary and presently has two
runways; one for commercial airlines runs parallel
to the Park in a northeast/southwest direction and
the other, for small craft use, lies perpendicular to
the Park in an east-west direction. The Airport
Authority is currently in advanced stages of plan-
ning a new runway and enlarged facilities. The
proposed runway would lie perpendicular to the
Park south of the Airport's existing facilities and
service commercial flights.

The development of major flood control measures
for the Crabtree Creek watershed was been active-
ly pursued since 1964. At that time an agreement
was reached on the construction of one large "dry
dam" below Umstead Park on Crabtree Creek. On
August 30, 1973, James Harrington, Secretary of
the Department of Natural and Economic Re-
sources rejected S. C. S. proposals to provide an
increased storage capacity of the presently pro-
posed dry dam, or create a permanent impound-
ment of Crabtree Creek. The present S. C. S. pro-
posals include the proposal of the dry dam as
originally suggested and the development of a 500
acre permanent impoundment upstream from the
Park south of I-40. The dry dam will inundate low-
lying areas along Crabtree Creek and the lower
part of Sycamore Creek on a projected 100 year
storm frequency for a period not exceeding four
days. It should be recognized, however, that in-
creased urbanization of the watershed will effec-
tively increase the flood frequency and duration.

LEGEND

— — Park Boundary
= Four Lane Highway

State Maintained Roads,

& Paved Park Roads

Unpaved Park Road

Proposed Road

^-^ Waterways

^ Lakes

: Airport Land

::•:■:■: Other Public Land

'/////, Private Development

^P Proposed Impoundments

<& Proposed Dry Dam

■■■■ Sewer Lines

•••• Water Lines

N

0 WOO 3200 6400

ADJACENT LAND USE AND UTILITIES

GROUND AND SURFACE WATER

Umstead Park lies in the Crabtree Creek Water-
shed which, including the park, occupies some
90,750 acres ultimately draining to the Neuse
River. The Creek forms the main physical division
in the Park and, with steep, dramatic slopes along
its banks, makes for difficult accessibility. The
water quality of Crabtree Creek in the Park is
good, being classified 'B' by the N. C. Board of
Water and Air Resources.

Two minor streams, Sycamore Creek and Reedy
Creek, drain to Crabree from the north and south
respectively, and, with Crabtree, represent the
Park's primary drainage system.

Three man-made lakes have been developed in
Umstead Park, and there exists numerous small
ponds ranging from V* to 5 acres in size, within
the proposed park boundary. Big Lake occupies
about 55 acres on the northwest end of Sycamore
Creek. Sycamore Lake, which is fed by Sycamore
Creek and Pat's Branch, covers about 25 acres.
Reedy Creek Lake is also about 25 acres, lying
immediately upstream from the juncture of Reedy
Creek and Crabtree Creek. The water quality of
these lakes is good although Reedy Creek Lake
underwent considerable siltation during the con-
struction of Interstate 40.

NATURAL RESOURCES

The main natural feature of Umstead Park is not a
particular formation but the process which has
acted to form the natural setting. The combination
of geology and soils, topography, water, plants,
and animals — their interaction over time and
their adaptation by past land use patterns have
afforded the Park's 5,217 acres a unique natural
resource. It is a classic example of old field
succession and the associated plant and animal
diversity that accompanies this process. Because
of this diversity, species of wildlife unique to the
Piedmont Region are found in Umstead. Also
within the Park are portions of the 8 percent of
Wake County which has never been farmed.

GEOLOGY

Originally of sedimentary origin, the rocks in
Umstead Park have undergone metamorphic pro-
cesses so that the region primarily consists of
ancient chrystalline rocks, millions of years old.
These rocks were formed during the Ocoee Moun-
tain uplift during which large masses of molten
magma were intruded, forming granites and other
igneous rocks, all of which were later modified
into gneisses and schists. The Jonesboro Fault
lies in a southwest direction along the western
boundary of the park and numerous rock outcrops
can be found along Sycamore and Crabtree Creek.

LEGEND

— Park Boundary

Roads

^) Lakes

— Major Utility Easement
^^ Creeks

Q Rock Outcrops

SURFACE WATER &

GEOLOGIC FEATURES

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

The protection of these waters is of paramount
importance so that policy toward land acquisition
and the relationship to neighboring uses should
be geared to this objective. Undesirable peripheral
development, particularly that involving substan-
tial cleared and/or artificially surfaced land areas
will contribute to decreased water quality, in-
creased surface runoff and subsequent reduction
of effective percolation into subsurface aquifers.

Aquifer recharge is generally very slow, and where
percolation rates are sluggish, water tables may
be perched. Seepage and areas of ponded water
may be found where water remains close to and
moving parallel with the surface at a considerable
distance away from its origin.

The greatest volume of groundwater will be found
stored in joints, fractured planes, and along
quartz veins. Seepage into streams occurs slowly
when subsurface crevices overflow along slopes
at the edge of surface waters. Potential for pollu-
tion of the groundwater system exists when, after
rapid surface runoff occurs, water is forced back
into the aquifers.

TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPE

Undergoing a change in elevation of over 230 feet,
the park landscape is quite varied and typical of
the Piedmont Region. Slopes in the Park range
from 640 acres of nearly level terrain in the flood
plain and on ridgetops, 1,360 acres of rolling
topography on upland slopes, to 3,217 acres of
steep and hilly topography characteristic of the
valley walls abutting Crabtree Creek. While the
more gradual slopes are easily accessible, devel-
opment potential is severely limited in those areas
having greater than 12 percent slope.

LEGEND

— - Park Boundary

Roads

Ct> Lake

Major Utility Easement

i^H 200-300

SW88HB 300!_400'

400'_450'

450'_5O0'

LEGEND

— — Park Boundary

Roads

C^D Lake

Major Utility Easement

I )0-S %

: 6.10%

■H 10.15%

HH<5 %

TOPO STUDY

SLOPE STUDY

LEGEND

.... park Boundary

Existing Roads

Proposed Roads

cC? Lake

— — Power Easement

Upland Soils
Slight Limitations
Moderate Limitations
Severe Limitations
Lowland Soils
Moderate Limitations
Severe Limitations

LEGEND

— — Park Boundary

Roads

cSd Lake

Major Utility Easement

■H ALLUVIAL

UPLAND PINE
■B UPLAND HARDWOOD
iKiiii UPLAND MIXED
CZI AGRICULTURE - LAKES

VEGETATION STUDY

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

SOILS

According to the U. S. D. A.'s 1970 Soil Survey of
Wake County, there are 29 soil types in Umstead
Park, primarily in the Cecil-Appling Association
but extending into a Cecil-Appling and Creed-
more-Whitestone Association. The Cecil-Appling
Soils are "gently sloping to steep, deep, well-
drained soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam
to clay; derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and
schist".

For the purpose of analysis, the soils in the Park
were classified according to their limiting charac-
teristics, i.e.: high water table, percolation, sus-
ceptibility to erosion, depth to bedrock, and so
forth. On this basis, five groupings emerged with
upland soils having categories for soils of slight,
moderate, and severe development limitations
and lowland soils having two categories — that of
moderate and severe.

The best soils for development characteristically
occupy the long, gradual slopes of the uplands
which have fairly deep, well-drained soils. Soils
most limited in potential are the alluvial soils of
the lowlands along Crabtree and Sycamore Creek.

VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

Four major woodland associations are present in
Umstead Park and characteristic of the Piedmont
Region —alluvial, upland pine, upland hardwood,
and mixed pine-hardwood. Within these four
groups, numerous, more complex associations
exist. The alluvial category, for example, includes
three main types of forest — river birch, sweet-
gum and elm (or loblolly pine), and mixed hard-
woods. The distribution of these forest types as
well as the other associations is dependent on the
combination of natural factors and land use his-
tory. Pure pine stands, for example, are evidence
of well-drained soils and lands which have under-
gone clearing relatively recently. Because much of
the land has been farmed, vegetation patterns are
complex and interspersed. Different successional
stages of shortleaf and loblolly pine cover more
than half of the upland area.

Hardwood forests and mature mixed pine and
hardwood cover are usually found along the steep-
er slopes and ravines where access was more
difficult and where, in some cases, clearing may
have never occurred. In these areas and in lowland

areas, generally, many unique plants exist which
are either uncommon to the Piedmont or whose
species is in clanger of extinction. A species of
rhododendron characteristically found in the
mountains of North Carolina exists on several
steep, north facing slopes along Crabtree Creek.
Mountain Laurel is common and several species
of orchid may be found.

Of primary importance to animal life in the Park
are the edges between plant communities. In
these situations, a larger and more diverse num-
ber of plant and animal species will be found as
edge conditions support an overlap of habitat
requirements. Obvious examples are the C. P. & L.
easement which runs diagonally through the Park
and along which plant growth is maintained as a
field layer. A great diversity of plant growth exists
in this area which is useful as forage and habitat
including herbaceous plants such as lespedeza.
Game species such as whitetail deer, turkey, and
bobwhite prefer this type of habitat, as do a great
variety of songbirds.

The Park harbors a great number of animals
typical of the Piedmont Region including rac-
coons, grey squirrels, cottontail and marsh rab-
bits, weasels, mink, and opossum. Beaver and
wood duck have also become well established,
since being re-introduced in 1956 and 1954, re-
spectively. Several uncommon species inhabit the
Park such as wild turkey, which is a rare per-
manent resident. Two flocks of ten each have
been isolated and, in 1965, a nest with eleven
eggs was found.

SITE ANALYSIS — LIMITATIONS

An analysis of factors limiting development in
Umstead Park was based on a composite of
natural conditions, and problems or conflicts im-
posed by neighboring uses. The most significant
aspect of the analysis is the isolation of a lowland
protection area based on the Crabtree Creek
watershed. A composite of soils, slopes, vegeta-
tion, and important wildlife habitat clearly indi-
cates that lowland areas are, first, most fragile
and important to the maintenance of natural con-
ditions throughout the Park and, secondly, devel-
opment in this area would be impractical due to
soil conditions, drainage, and potential problems
of erosion and siltation, flooding, and mainte-
nance of water quality.

Included in this protection concept are "fringe"
upland situations where, for example, a soil type
having severe limitations for development or a
unique upland vegetation such as a mature grove
of white oak would inhibit development.

Specific points of interest have been isolated for
special attention. A swamp white oak is located in
the northern nart of the Park, near the office, as is

grove of mature oak which serves as a forage area
for both deer and wild turkey, marks an old home

site. Both are examples of particularly important
features located throughout the Park.

The proposed dry dam presents a potential threat
to the lowland areas. While problems of flooding
will certainly be alleviated downstream, lowlands
of the Park will undergo siltation while the dam is
in use in addition to potentially altering the valu-
able natural condition of the affected area.

Heavy sedimentation has occurred in all three
lakes in the past, but has since been rectified.
Monitoring of these areas should be maintained in
order to thwart future problems. Both Reedy
Creek Lake and Big Lake should be dredged of
remaining sediment to re-establish fish habitat
and improve use areas.

Noise emanating from the airport as well as the
major roads, I-40, Highway 70, and proposed
roads, is important not only to the location of
overnight facilities in the Park but also those
areas of daytime use where a greater degree of
tranquility is required. Flight zones over the Park
from the existing small craft runway and proposed
runway impact the park not only due to noise but
also visually so that, in these zones, the location
of uses requires considerable scrutiny.

Several sites have been isolated as study project
areas or natural areas of importance. A squirrel
study, developed and ongoing since 1958, oc-
cupies an area of some 200 acres north of Crabtree
Creek and bounded on the east by the old Park
road. The 55 acre mesophytic forest area south of
Crabtree Creek and east of the road has been
designated by the Society of American Foresters
as a natural area and will remain so long as no
uses other than footpaths penetrate the area. This
area has also been included in the National Regis-
try of Natural Landmarks and is known as the
Piedmont Beech Natural Area.

US 70

LEGEND

— - Park Boundary

Roads

Oo) Lake

■ Major Utility Easement

•••• Minor Utility Easement
Lowland Protection Area
Proposed Dry Dam Area

:•:•:•:•: External Noise
• Natural Features

O Lake Siltation

^"^ Airport Impact Zone

SITE ANALYSIS - LIMITATIONS

CULTURAL RESOURCES

EXISTING MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE

A dual park administration exists, having origi-
nated from early days of segregation, and main-
tained on the basis of two points of public access,
from Highway 70 and Interstate 40. With this
situation, a duplicity of services are offered which
generates an overall inefficiency in administration
and land use. The lack of a park road linking the
two areas further fragments the park so that, in
effect, two parks yet exist, neither of which take
good advantage of natural features and interpre-
tive opportunities.

Foremost among management and land use prob-
lems in Umstead Park is the aspect of control —
the regulation of access and use of park land and
facilities. The problem of control is enhanced by
the following conditions:

1. The poor location of park offices does not pro-
vide direct access to users entering the Park.
The Park Office should be a focal point, sym-
bolic of both authority and service.

2. The quality of information services does not
provide adequate orientation to the Park for un-
familiar users.

3. The shortfall in permanent staff does not allow
for effective patrolling or public relations.

4. The lack of full-time personnel in the Park
Office does not allow for effective internal or
external communications.

5. Park boundaries are complex and, in some
cases, not adequately marked.

6. Barricades at closed roads such as Reedy
Creek Road or Ebenezer Church Road are van-
dalized frequently.

Park facilities are, in many instances, inadequate,
overused, or outdated. Specific problems con-
cerning land use are as follows:

1. Picnic areas, group camps, and family camp-
grounds are overused, as is evidenced by high-
ly compacted soils causing deterioration of
vegetation, and disruption of the natural suc-
cession process. These activities, camping
and picnicking, also require expansion and re-
finement for different users.

2. The existing boat dock is congested with
people, particularly on weekends when waiting
lines frequently occur. Boating facilities re-
quire expansion and refinement for fishing and
recreational needs.

3. Utility systems in the Park, particularly in the
group camps, are, in many cases, outdated
and require complete renovation.

4. Problems of compaction and erosion exist on
hiking trails closest to picnic areas and group
camps, and in the case of bridle trails, on the
C. P. & L. easement and at some creek cross-
ings.

5. Frequent crossing of hiking and bridle trails
have created a safety hazard and conflict of in-
terest, in addition to further maintenance prob-
lems.

PERCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

The character of Umstead Park — the way in
which the park effects a visitor's senses — has,
heretofore, been rather nebulous. A program for
developing its unique qualities has not been ac-
tively pursued so that, for the most part, its
character is one of regularity — especially uni-
form in the use areas where park facilities have
been developed.

Very few open spaces exist which allow even short
vistas. The edges of the Park's access roads are
very enclosed and lacking in variety. In fact, the
largst continuous open space in the Park is the C.
P. & L easement which also represents the Park's
greatest eyesore. The best open vistas in the Park
are from lake edges. Sycamore Lake and Reedy
Creek Lake have particularly fine views.

Inevitably, the most scenic areas of the Park are
also the most remote. Deep in the Park, along the
edges of Sycamore or Crabtree Creek, and in the
heavily wooded ravines and basins, natural diver-
sity has been maintained, which is truly character-
istic of the area. It is this concept of diversity
which should be utilized in developing the
character of the Park in locations outside of the
natural Area.

10

US 70

LEGEND

— — Park Boundary

Roads

C^d Lake

- Major Utility Easement

— — paved Roads
■•"■ Dirt Roads
— •• Hiking Trails
00000 Bridle Trails
Overnight Use

0 Day Use

@ Residence and Service

# Mill Sites

EXISTING LAND USE

ii

SITE ANALYSIS - OPPORTUNITIES

The analysis of access points and potential use
areas, in combination with natural resrouces,
suggest a context for land use and development.

Development units, or areas having good poten-
tial for high intensity use, buildings, roads, and
utility systems, were isolated on the basis of
soils, slope, vegetation, and other natural limita-
tions. In the northern sector of the Park, an area
suitable for heavy use includes areas presently
serving the Crabtree Section and along ridges
lying parallel to Pat's Branch. This area is acces-
sible from the existing park entrance at Highway
70 as well as from Ebenezer Church Road, which

LEGEND

— ■ Park Boundary

■"■■ Four Lane Highway

State Maintained Roads,

A Paved Park Roads

Unpaved Park Road

Proposed Road

— * Waterways

' ~ Lakes

Q Potential Access

ACCESS STUDY

presently allows access to private property, but is
closed to through traffic.

A second development area, including the use
areas of the Reedy Creek Section and an upland
area lying on a ridge southeast of Reedy Creek
Lake, is accessible from the present entrance off
Interstate 40 and a road proposed by the Raleigh
Thoroughfare Plan. This road will occupy a ridge
at the southeast corner of the Park, linking the
beltline and the Duraleigh Road.

Along the main ridge dividing Sycamore and Crab-
tree Creeks, a third area was located for which a
possible entrance could be developed from the
proposed access road which will serve Raleigh-
Durham airport, circumventing the park's western
boundary.

In all cases, development units occupy upland
situations, characteristically more suitable for
heavy use than lowland areas. Priority for develop-
ment must be given to those areas which present-
ly harbor high use such as existing picnic areas
and group camps, particularly Camp Sycamore
and Camp Whispering Pines.

While it will be desirable to instigate programs to
rehabilitate areas suffering from compaction and
erosion, it is nevertheless more suitable to main-
tain use in these areas under a management pro-
gram than to initiate land uses in areas relatively
untouched. Before a management program is im-
plemented, however, a study should be under-
taken to explore management approaches which
offer potential for coping with various use prob-
lems, as well as improving site quality.

Four potential water crossings were located, three
of which are existing. The new location, upstream
from the bridge presently crossing Crabtree
Creek, is the site of an old crossing which was
abandoned, apparently before farming activities
ceased.

All of the lowland areas should be protected. In
particular, the watershed of both Crabtree Creek
and Sycamore Creek and their tributaries should
be designated as a natural area to insure its
protection. In addition, the eastern portion of the
central ridge, embraced by the two creeks, should
be included in the natural area in order that an
upland area may be preserved in its natural condi-
tions.

12

US 70

LEGEND

— — Park Boundary

Roads

C^D Lake

Major Utility Easement
Proposed Roads
Potential Road Access

r-'") Development Units

Natural Area

9 Existing High Use

%I» Potential Water
V Crossing

» *

0 800 1600 3200

SITE ANALYSIS-OPPORTUNITIES

13

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS

CONCEPT

Based on the need to develop new and more
refined facilities and park services, the master
plan concept illustrates three separate use areas
— for day use activities, interpretive functions,
and long-term family group activities — to provide
the context for park development. These areas will
be served by a single vehicular access. A Park
Control Center, located near the entrance will be
the focal point for main administrative functions,
visitor orientation, and communications.

The main access road will be directed to the
Interpretive Center, the focus of park activities.
Facilities and programs emanating from the cen-
ter will explain the natural and cultural develop-

ment of the Park and Piedmont Region of North
Carolina.

The Day Use Area and Long-Term Group and
Family Use Area are, necessarily, distinct and
separate units. Each has a different clientel and,
subsequently, varying needs and behavior. Activi-
ty in the day use area, for example, will be more
intense over shorter periods of time. Day users
will not be as self-sufficient as those in the long-
term area, having less organization and prear-
ranged activities.

In keeping with conclusions of the site analysis,
lowland areas will be kept free of major develop-
ment leaving the opportunity for the provision of a
hiking trail system.

14

access road to
park facilities

bike
trail

view east

PARK CONTROL

to
greenway

to day use
area

*SF

hiking
trad

park control
center

N

*

s \

■\ //A

/ / /

0 100 200 400

residence
area

/

PARK ENTRANCE

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

bicycle
access

proposed beltline
extension

V

17

hiking trail to
interpretive center

DAY USE AREA sheet 1

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

hiking trail to
park control

short term
family camping

0 100 200

DAY USE AREA sheet 2

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

19

INTERPRETIVE CENTER

On a ridge overlooking a 2,500 acre natural area,
the Interpretive Center is located at the terminus
of the main access road. The Center is comprised
of three major units — Education Area, Manage-
ment Area, and Natural Area.

The Education Area includes the Interpretive Cen-
ter proper — the complex of buildings which will
serve as quarters for office functions, interpretive
programs, display, lab/study area, nature crafts,
and auditorium. A one-half mile primary trail will
serve blind and handicapped elderly visitors, and
children. It shall be designed to emphasize visual,
audio, and tactile experiences, and will link to
longer loop trails for enthusiasts. The Education
Area will also include an amphitheater serving up
to 200 people for nature skills, lectures, and visual
presentations. Parking for the Center will allow for
200 cars, 4 buses, and 10 staff vehicles.

The management Area is designed as a series of
units, or compartments, which will present an
educational and scientific context for the study of
plant succession, from early field stages to ma-
ture hardwood forest. A one-half mile loop trail

originating from the Interpretive Center will lead
hikers through the successional stages. For the
early stages of old field succession, 15 one-acre
compartments will be provided and, utilizing a
rotation system, a progressive use of each plot
may be made.

The Natural Area will be used as a nature preserve,
for interpretation, and for regulated natural his-
tory research. A tertiary trail system (trails of
natural tread serving as interpretive devices rather
than main circulation ways) will extend through-
out the area. Visitors will be encouraged to ar-
range guided hikes through this area. No land use
other than trails and limited wilderness camping
will penetrate the Natural Area.

A maximum of twenty-five phased sites for a
semi-wilderness camping experience have been
located on a trail accessible from Interpretive
Center. This camping is intended for enthusiasts
who seek a relatively primitive atmosphere. Sites
will be located 300 feet apart and reached only by
hiking. Access to Crabtree Creek for experienced
canoers will take place along an existing parallel
trail, located on an adjacent ridge to the east,
towards the Interpretive center.

20

management area

hiking trail to
day use area

NTERPRETIVE CENTER

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

21

miking trail

picnic clusters

unreserved picnicking

picnic clusters

picnic clusters

to family
camping

A. ij |

to interpretive center/
park entrance

\
'fi z^1 J^hiking trail

reserved picnicking /
day camps

"A" group shelter

m< j

N

fishing

0 100 200 400

boathouk/
concessBiv

GROUP PICNICKING AREA

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE

'B" group shelter

22

GROUP/LONG-TERM FAMILY AREA

The third major use area is designed for groups
having prearranged programs and requiring speci-
fic facilities, or groups and families who intend to
use the park for an extended period of time.

A Group Day Use Area will provide for reserved
and unreserved picnicking. This area is located on
the ridge presently used for picnicking in the
Crabtree Section. The reserved picnic area will
include two separate shelter units with adjacent
open spaces, and serve a total of 350 people. The
two shelter units will double as day camp facili-
ties for groups, on a weekly reservation basis.
Parking for a maximum of 88 vehicles will be
provided. Unreserved picnicing will be composed
of 69 various sized clusters, from 2-15 tables
each, allowing a capacity of 1 ,382 people. Several
dispersed parking areas will accommodate 352
vehicles including 6 buses.

Group camping facilities will be expanded to
allow for three camping experiences — cabins,
tent camping, and adirondack shelters. The exist-
ing group cabin camps will be maintained in their
present location, overlooking Sycamore Lake, and
expanded with cabins from Camp Whispering
Pines to allow for a total of 350 users. As the
useful life of the existing structures approaches,
however, they should be replaced by several cabin
"units" within each group cabin camp. Each "U-
nit" would consist of several 12-20 person "bar-
rack" type cabins with wash house and coun-
selors' quarters. One camp should be "winter-
ized" to accommodate winter campers. 1 53 visitor
and staff parking spaces total for all three camps
should be provided along with 6 service vehicle
spaces.

The areas for adirondack shelters and tent camp-
ing will both be divided into three 40-person
camps, allowing a maximum of 120 users for each
area. A centrally located 60 vehicle parking lot will
serve both areas simultaneously.

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(cmf)

GROUP CAMPING
AREA CONCEPT

23

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vehicular

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parkmq - \#ad\nq zone,
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reduce traffic hazards.

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'unit' detail

GROUP CABINS CONCEPT

24

A" tent camp

ebenezer church road

PROPOSED

GROUP CAMPING AREA

WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK

campsites

25

Along the ridge north of the present park office,
four cabin clusters are proposed in addition to a
tent and trailer campground for long-term family
use. A cabin cluster will include from six to twelve
units, allowing a total development of 36 ca-
bins. 24 cabins will accommodate 6 persons each,
while 1 2 cabins will accommodate 4 persons for a
total of 192 people. The tent and trailer camp-
ground will provide for 72 campsites to be de-
veloped after the life of the current campground in
the Crabtree Section is exhausted. A small, five-
acre fishing and swimming pond is proposed as a
focal point for residents of the long-term family
user area.

Big Lake will be used primarily for shoreline and
boat fishing. The existing number of boats should
be expanded to an optimum of 28, the boathouse
area improved to provide toilets and drinking
water, and a concession provided for fishing gear
and snacks. Both the boathouse and concession
will be operated as a single unit by park person-
nel. Parking for 56 cars will be developed in close
proximity to this facility, allowing for easy access
by elderly and/or handicapped fishermen.

Horseback riding has become increasingly popu-
lar in Umstead Park. In order to accommodate this
growing interest, and to lessen its inherent con-
flict with other activities, a new bridle trail system
and horse camp has been developed. Located east
of Old Ebenezer Church Road, the horse camp will
be the hub of the bridle trail system and provide
parking for 24 cars and trailers. 16 partitioned tie
racks, six camping sites, and a small picnic area
for groups of up to 30 riders will be provided.
Bridle trails will be contained to the area north of
Crabtree Creek in a series of loops utilizing exist-
ing trails where possible, the longest of which will
parallel the parks boundary.

MAINTENANCE

Maintenance activities will be divided among the
three main use areas of the Park with the main
facility sustained in its existing location in the
Crabtree Section. Warehouse facilities will require
expansion in both existing areas and a small
maintenance building will be needed in the inter-
pretive complex.

26

equestrian trail

ranger residences

0 100 200 400

LONG-TERM
FAMILY USER AREA

'ILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
27

HIKING TRAILS

A system of hiking trails is proposed which will
allow for three types of usage.

1. Primary trails will have a ridgetop location,
wood chip or possibly asphalt surface, and be
intended for intensely used, short distance
destinations such as from picnic area to swim-
ming center. They may also serve specialized
trails for the handicapped and highly used
one-half mile loop trails associated with major
use areas.

2. Secondary trails may emanate from primary
trails forming one-half mile to 1 mile loops.

They will also provide links between major use
areas such as from group camps to Interpretive
Center. Secondary trails may have a treated
surface of natural tread depending on location
and use.
3. Tertiary trails will be of natural tread and in-
tended for long-term hikes such as in the Natu-
ral Area.

It is proposed that a potential link to Raleigh's
Greenway System be provided where Park pro-
perty abuts other public lands near Richland
Creek, east of the park control center, and another
link, to Cary, be provided along Crabtree Creek.

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HIKING TRAILS

section vl£w - *c\o <hceit

28

BICYCLE TRAILS

Bicycling has also increased in popularity, espe-
cially from Raleigh, so that a provision for bikes is
necessary. However, in order that trail systems do
not become overly complex, it is proposed that
bike trail development should, first, be limited to
the Interpretive Center and Day Use Area where

traffic will be heaviest. Secondly, they should be
developed within road corridors using old road
beds where possible. Two entrances for bicycles
are proposed — one from Old Reedy Road and the
other, serving Cary, from the present park en-
trance of Interstate 40.

bXe trails d&i^ed, within rend.

broadened cun/^ for r\M rz#d
ptatete f^iaiftel -for own z&a

BIKE TRAILS

29

POLICY FOR LAND ACQUISITION,

SITE MANAGEMENT, AND PARK CHARACTER

LAND ACQUISITION

It is proposed that the State acquire approximate-
ly 91 6 acres of additional land and delete 1 86 for a
net total of 730 additional acres. However, most of
the proposed lands, particularly phases II and III,
need not be acquired if legally binding assurances
are made by landowners that existing land uses
will remain indefinitely. Such assurances may be
made, for example, in the form of a scenic ease-
ment which would restrict land uses considered
incompatible with the Park. Such land uses in-
clude medium or high density residential, com-
mercial or industrial development, and timber
clearcutting. However, owners would be permit-
ted to have low-density single family dwellings,
out-buildings such as storage sheds or green-
houses, and woodlands managed on a selective
cutting basis.

The acquisition proposals are based on the need
to protect parkland from the detrimental effects of
major land use changes, to simplify park boun-
daries, and to provide additional space for park
development. The proposal consists of three
phases of acquisition or legally binding land-use
agreements, the priorities being:

1. Land lying between the present park boundary
and existing entrances at I-40, Ebenezer
Church Road, and the proposed entrance.

2. Other lands lying between I-40 and the Park.

3. Other lands lying adjacent to the proposed
beltline extension and lying between Ebenezer
Church Road and the park boundary.

SITE MANAGEMENT

Management programs should be developed for
all areas undergoing heavy use or those where
problems of erosion, soil compaction, and loss of
above-ground vegetation is evident. Reclamation
can begin with techniques such as discing, bed-
ding, etc. and programs of site rotation should be
introduced. The Family Picnic Area and Short-

Term Family Camping Area, for example, are
designed with three sub-units each, rotated every
five to ten years, leaving two active and one
passive at all times."

Management of wildlife populations should be
reserved to helping maintain natural balances,
particularly in the case of endangered species.

PARK CHARACTER

The essence of Umstead Park is the representa-
tion of the successional process — the develop-
ment, overtime, of plant and animal associations
towards a climax community. While the lowlands
and steep slopes of the Park are particularly well
represented, upland areas are less diverse and
only partially illustrate the characteristic land-
scape of the Piedmont Region, particularly since
man's influence. In this regard, it is proposed that
a greater number of open spaces should be de-
veloped in the Park. This development should,
however, not be indiscriminate. Areas having
such potential are as follows:

1 . The edges of the C. P & L. easement should be
varied in locations where a negative influence
upon wildlife habitat would not be introduced.

2. Edges of the road corridor should be varied,
allowing more open space and visual interest,
particularly where old road beds cross or paral-
lel proposed roads.

3. Areas as isolated in detailed sketch designs,
relating to buildings, existing open space, and
old roads.

The design of new buildings in Umstead State
Park should utilize materials native to the area but
not sacrifice good design to provide traditional
rustic style. The desirable quality of rustic archi-
tecture is not necessarily an old appearance, but
one which is appropriate with the surroundings.
Good contemporary design can also provide this
quality.

30

US 70

LEGEND

Park Boundary

Roads

Lake

Major Utility Easement

Phase I

Phase H

Phase 11

Park to Airport

Airport to Park

Delete

ACQUISITION PRIORITIES

31

ADMINISTRATION

SERVICES TO PARK USERS

Programs which have been established and are
currently practiced in William B. Umstead State
Park, including those for visitor protection and
law enforcement, should be maintained and con-
tinue to receive great emphasis. Development
proposals, such as the limitation of vehicular
access and location of the park offices, will most
certainly aid in these services as will the improve-
ment of internal communications.

Information services and user orientation to the
Park needs considerable improvement. Highway
directional signs will necessarily require adjust-
ment during the development phases, particularly
in rerouting Highway 70 traffic to, first, the 1-40
entrance and, later, the new entrance.

It is proposed that, following the suggestion
outlined in the interpretive prospectus for William
B. Umstead State Park, a radio station be estab-
lished within the park as an additional service to
park visitors. Radio programming would be
geared, first, to notifying visitors of activities
occuring within the park on a moment to moment
basis, and second, as a means of communication
in case of emergency. In general, the radio station
would serve also as an interpretive tool, assisting
in the description of the Park's resources and
features.

In addition to the Park Control Center, the Park
Store, Interpretive Center, and boathouse area on
Big Lake will serve as information areas with
personnel to answer questions and bulletin
boards listing park programs and activities.

The interpretation of park resources is the most
important of services to be expanded and im-
proved in Umstead Park. The program outlined in
the Interpretive Prospectus regarding the develop-
ment of theme, interpretive services, and personal
services are of high priority.

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

In addition to those methods of control and
protection to property previously mentioned, a
program of systematic patrolling by park person-
nel must be maintained. Park boundaries will be
simplified but must be kept well marked, particu-
larly where abutting private property. All mobile

units should have radio contact with full-time
staff at Park Control.

A fire control plan for Umstead Park is presently in
effect, with the assistance of the Forestry Divi-
sion. It is suggested that a system of caches be
developed so that fire-fighting tools may be read-
ily accessible to park staff and visitors. Caches, or
storage areas, would be located in each major use
area in the Park as well as in every active mobile
unit. In this way, it may be possible to extinguish
fires quickly and avoid the possibility of spread-
ing.

Each of the major use areas will have a main-
tenance facility, although the existing main-
tenance area in the Crabtree Section will serve as
the main facility. The existing Central Division
Warehouse will be moved to the western perimeter
of the site, accessible from the proposed airport
road. A full-time supervisor may be provided to
head the maintenance program in the later phases
of the park's development.

The management of natural resources in the Park
will proceed as previously outlined and as sug-
gested in the Interpretive Prospectus. Reclama-
tion programs and the management of specific
plant and animal communities will emanate from
the Interpretive Center.

In addition to usual management practices carried
on for activities such as camping, boating, or
concession facilities, a strict program is required
for the proposed swimming and Boating Center
on Reedy Creek Lake. The limit of the beach
capacity should be strictly enforced, perhaps
through the use of a tag system, as should control
of parking in this area. A fee should be charged for
the use of the swimming and boating area. If, in
the future, it is found that the demand for use of
this facility greatly exceeds its design capacity, a
reservation system may be instigated. A reserva-
tion for the use of this area would be required of
all users except those using the Park on an
overnight basis. Reservations could be made in
advance by telephone to the Park Office, through
the proposed Tickitron System (which, at first,
will be used for reserving overnight facilities at
State Parks), or at the Park on a day to day basis.

32

to main toil <Hfe*wn

activitif unit

continued use,.

SITE ROTATION

- minted % activity unite adrm/l w&Nt

- Utility WQ&h fixed- ^\CX\\CX^^7,^\\Ypx

we- \o fc rrwed.

33

GENERAL LAND USE PROGRAM

AREA 1

PARK CONTROL CENTER

Building complex to accommodate administrative
services, communications and visitor orientation.

Parking:
20 visitor spaces

4 bus spaces

5 staff spaces

Superintendent's Residence

DAY USE AREA

Park Store

Parking:
12 visitor/staff spaces

Family Picnic Area
515 sites — 2,200 person capacity

Parking:
414 visitor/staff spaces

Swimming and Boating Center

3,913 persons/day
80,000 square feet beach area
30 boats

Parking:
330 visitor spaces
10 staff spaces

Maintenance and Residence Area

SHORT-TERM FAMILY CAMPGROUND

80 sites — 320 person capacity

GROUP CAMPING AREA

Cabin Area

camps — 150, 125,

3 camps — 150
respectively

Parking:
118 visitor spaces total
35 staff spaces total
6 service vehicle spaces

Tent Area

3 camps — 40 persons/camp

Parking:
30 visitor/ staff spaces

Adirondack Shelter Area
3 camps — 40 persons/camp

Parking:
30 visitor/staff spaces

LONG-TERM FAMILY USE AREA

Cabin Area
36 cabins — 192 person capacity

Tent and Trailer Area

72 sites — 288 person capacity

75 person capacity,

MAINTENANCE AND RESIDENCE AREA

BIG LAND BOATING/FISHING AREA

28 boats and 140 person capacity

Parking:
56 visitor/ staff spaces

HORSE CAMP

30 person /horse capacity
6 picnic and camping sites

Parking:

24 visitor/staff spaces

AREA 2

INTERPRETIVE CENTER (EDUCATION AREA)

Building complex to accommodate administration
and maintenance, museum/interpretive services,
nature appreciation center and lab/study area.

Parking:
150 visitor spaces
4 bus spaces
8 staff spaces

Amphitheatre
200 person capacity

Parking:
50 visitor/ staff spaces

MANAGEMENT AREA

100 acre succession study/demonstration area

NATURAL AREA

2,500 acre nature preserve

Wilderness camping

25 sites

AREA 3

GROUP DAY USE AREA

Reserved picnic area
350 person capacity

Parking:
88 visitor/staff

Unreserved Picnic Area
1,382 person capacity

Parking:
346 visitor/staff spaces
6 bus spaces

TRAILS

Hiking — 18.7 miles excluding specialized trails
and self-guided loop trails
Bridle — 16.7 miles
Bicycle — 3.48 miles

34

DEVELOPMENT PHASING

PHASE I PRIORITIES

GENERAL

1

- Phase I acquisition involving lands between
I-40 and park boundary adjacent to existing
entrance, between proposed access road and
park boundary, and five parcels between
Ebenezer Church Road and park boundary.

- Construct bridge at Reedy Creek Lake

- Main road system

construct new roads

regrade and surface existing roads

- Close highway 70 entrance

- Main hiking trail system — greenway link

USE AREA 1

6 - Park store (interim information center)

7 - 1st Stage, Family Picnic Area

develop area A
reclaim area B

8 - 1st Stage, Short-term Family Camping

40 sites

USE AREA 2

9 - Designate Natural Area and delineate by

permanent markers

10 - Management Area

USE AREA 3

11 - Unreserved Group Picnic Area

12 - Reserved Picnic Area

expand area A
reclaim area B

13 - 1st Stage, new road for Family Cabin Area

14 - 1st Stage, Family Cabin Area

15 - Expand /renovate Crabtree Group Camp

(move units from Camp Whispering Pines)

16 - Equestrian area (complete)

17 - 1st Stage, Bridle trails (excluding trails on

Phase II acquisition)
18- Temporary comfort station and drinking water
at Big Lake Boathouse

PHASE II PRIORITIES

GENERAL

1 - Phase II acquisition involving additional
lands between I-40 and the park boundary,
and land east of Pat's Branch.

5 - Group Adirondack Area

6 - Improvement to Boathouse Area

7 - 2nd Stage, Trails

USE AREA 1

8 - 2nd Stage, Family Picnic Area

develop Area C

9 - 2nd Stage, Short-term Family Camping Area

40 units
10 - Central Division Warehouse moved to new
location

PHASE III PRIORITIES

GENERAL

1 - Phase III acquisition involving remaining land

between I-40 and park boundary, adjacent to
proposed access road, and between park
boundary and Ebenezer Church Road

USE AREA 1

2 - New entrance road

2nd Stage, Bicycle trails

3 - Park Control Center (complete),

close I-40 entrance

4 - Superintendent's residence

USE AREA 3

5 - New road for Group Cabin Area

6 - 2nd Stage, Renovation of Existing Group

Camps

7 - Parking and permanent comfort station

for boathouse at Big Lake

8 - 2nd Stage, Family Cabin Area

18 units

9 - Pond for Family Cabin Area

10 - 1st Stage, long-term Family Camping
42 sites

PHASE IV PRIORITIES

GENERAL

1 - Improvements to maintenance areas

USE AREA 1

2 - Reedy Creek Swimming/Boating Center

(complete)

3 - 3rd Stage, Short-term Family Camping

40 sites

USE AREA 2

2 - Interpretive Center (complete)

3 - 1st Stage, Wilderness Camping Area

10 sites

USE AREA 3

4 - Group Tent Camping Area

USE AREA 2

4 - Stage 2, Wilderness Camping Area

15 sites

USE AREA 3

5 - 2nd Stage, Long-term Family Camping

30 sites

35

STAFFING

P - Permanent
S - Seasonal
H - Hourly

ADMINISTRATION

Park Superintendent II
Assistant Park Superintendent
Typist
Typist Clerk
Labor Support

MAINTENANCE

Maintenance Mechanic II
Labor Support

AREA I

DAY USE AREA
Park Ranger II

SWIMMING/BOATING CENTER

Chief Life Guard
Life Guard
Bathhouse Manager
Bathhouse Operator
Boating Attendant

PARK STORE

Refreshment Stand Manager
Refreshment Stand Clerk
Labor Support

FAMILY PICNIC/

SHORT-TERM FAMILY CAMPING

Park Ranger I
Park Attendant
Labor Support

P
P
P
S
H

(2)P
H

S

(4)S

S

(2)S

(2)S

S

(3)S
H

P

(4)S

H

AREA II

Ranger/ Naturalist
Museum Curator I
Naturalist
Park Attendant
Labor Support

AREA III

Park Ranger II
Recreator

GROUP DAY USE AREA

Park Ranger I
Park Attendant
Labor Support

GROUP CAMPING AREA

Park Ranger I
Park Attendants
Labor Support

LONG-TERM FAMILY USE AREA

Park Ranger I
Park Attendants
Labor Support

BIG LAKE BOATHOUSE AREA

Boat Attendants
Labor Support

P

P

(3)S

S

H

P
S

P

(3)S

H

P

(3)S
H

P

(3)S

H

(2)S
H

36

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Charles T. Main, Inc., Master Plan for Duke
Power Recreation Area, May, 1974.

2. Division of State Parks, Interpretive Prospec-
tus for the William B. Umstead State Park,
September, 1974.

3. Division of State Parks, State Parks Public
Use Record.

4. Division of State Parks, Principles Governing
the Establishment, Extension, and Develop-
ment of the State Park System of the State of
North Carolina, August, 1965.

5. Division of Recreation Resources, Statewide
Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan,
1973.

6. Greensboro Daily News, Urban Growth vs. the
Wilderness, July 14, 1968.

7. J. E. Greiner Co., Inc., Raleigh-Durham Air-
port Master Plan, Environmental Impact
Assessment Report, March, 1974.

8. North Carolina Recreation Commission, A
Method for Determining the Annual Carrying
Capacity of Selected Types of Outdoor Rec-
reation and Facilities in North Carolina, 1973.

9. North Carolina State Highway Commission,
Thoroughfare Plan, Wake County, North
Carolina, December, 1972.

10. Research Triangle Planning Commission,
Research Triangle Region Development
Guide, April, 1969.

11. Rulison, Michael V. E., Technical Report AN-
398, Planning for State Parks and State
Forests in North Carolina, December, 1968.

12. The Raleigh Times, Umstead — A Wilderness
at City's Doorstep, April 1, 1967.

13. The Raleigh Times, Umstead Park Area Is
Tagged Landmark, July 24, 1974.

14. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
vation Service, Project Map, Crab tree Creek
Watershed, November, 1973.

15. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey,
Wake County, North Carolina, November,
1970.

16. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1970.

17. U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Out-
door Recreation, Outdoor Recreation Space
Standards, April, 1967.

18. U. S. Department of Interior, National Park
Service, Master Plan Report, Crabtree Creek
Recreational Demonstration Area, July 1,
1939.

37

PREPARED BY:

The Master Planning Unit
Division of State Parks
Department of Natural

and Economic Resources
State of North Carolina
October, 1974

PLANNING TEAM:

Bradley W. Davis, Landscape Designer II
J. Stephen Weaver, Landscape Designer I

SUPERVISORS:

Alan R. Eakes, Chief of Planning

and Interpretation
Frederick P. Hagenberger, Senior Planner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Thomas C. Ellis, Director

William A. Webster, Chief of Administration

and Operations
Myers G. Braxton, Superintendent,

William B. Umstead State Park
James C. Johnson, Superintendent,

William B. Umstead State Park
Nelson W. Chadwick, Ranger-Naturalist,

William B. Umstead State Park
Delores Warren, Secretary

38

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NCDPR - GMP Section - 0004